When examining data, use extreme caution: Consider the potential of bias in the testing as well as in the diagnostic and evaluation procedures. https://doi.org/10.1044/lle13.3.21, Guralnick, M. J. Individuals with ID commonly experience stigmatization, discrimination, and health inequalities across cultures (Allison & Strydom, 2009). Oxford University Press. Findings from the communication and hearing assessments are analyzed in the context of findings from other professionals who assess and/or treat ID (e.g., psychologists). Participate as a member of the school or adult service planning team to determine appropriate educational and/or community services. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/032), Twachtman-Reilly, J., Amaral, S. C., & Zebrowski, P. P. (2008). This is in no way meant to be a document to just copy and paste from. Lucyshyn, J., Kayser, A., Irvin, L., & Blumberg, E. R. (2002). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 69(4), 112. There are prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes of intellectual disability (ID). Common challenging behaviors include aggressive, disruptive, self-injurious, and stereotypic behaviors. At times, this may inhibit families from seeking services, resulting in either delays or lack of intervention. The DSM-5 uses severity level to define an individual with ID as mild, moderate, severe, or profound. (2001). Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 3(2), 104115. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Screening does not result in a diagnosis of a disorder but, rather, determines the need for further assessment and/or referral for other services. Eligibility is an area that has continued to evolve as the rights of individuals with ID have been increasingly well recognized. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 594604. Enhancing social problem solving in children with autism and normal children through computer-assisted instruction. Cognitive referencing is the practice of comparing IQ scores and language scores to help determine eligibility for SLP intervention. Regional and National Summary Report of Data from the 201314 Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Youth. speech patterns (e.g., prosody) as well as receptive and expressive pragmatic and sociolinguistic communication skills. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-121.2.121, Brady, N. C., & Halle, J. W. (1997). https://doi.org/10.1044/gero19.1.36, Lee, M., Bush, L., Martin, G. E., Barstein, J., Maltman, N., Klusek, J., & Losh, M. (2017). SLPs screen for hearing, speech, language, communication, and swallowing problems. The absence of prerequisite cognitive or other skills for determining eligibility is also of concern for individuals with ID. Paul-Brown, D., & Caperton, C. (2001). Brookes. Gathering information from parents, caregivers, teachers, and co-workers regarding skills and concerns about the dialect(s) and/or language(s) used. Infants & Young Children, 25(2), 122135. Vocabulary intervention for children with Down syndrome: Parent training using focused stimulation. spoken language (listening and speaking). The National Joint Committee for the Communication Needs of Persons With Severe Disabilities (NJC) emphasizes that there are no prerequisites for communication (NJC, 2002a, 2002b). Individuals with these diagnoses who do not have significant limitations in adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning are considered to have DD without ID. National Academies Press. The Hanen Centre. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/social-determinants-of-health-key-concepts. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26420429, Cole, K. N., Dale, P. S., & Mills, P. E. (1990). ), Effective practices for children with autism: Educational and behavior support interventions that work (pp. The goal of treatment is to minimize the potential effects of disabilities on clients and their families and to maximize the likelihood of desirable outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300712470519, Schwartz, I. S., Boulware, G.-L., McBride, B. J., & Sandall, S. R. (2001). (2008). Roberts, J. E., Chapman, R. S., & Warren, S. F. (2008). Written and/or visual prompts that initiate or sustain interaction are called scripts. Timing refers to the scheduling of intervention relative to the diagnosis. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 13(3), 2126. SLPs ensure that symbols used with individuals who require AAC reflect the cultural and linguistic identity of the individual and are in line with the individuals preference. Conducting a hearing screening to rule out hearing loss as a possible contributing factor to language difficulties. ABA has been used for individuals with ID, particularly those who also have ASD (e.g., Spreckley & Boyd, 2009). Respond appropriately to oral commands. An FCT approach may be considered with students with ID to replace challenging behaviors with appropriate communication alternatives (Brady & Halle, 1997; Martin et al., 2005; Schmidt et al., 2014). Educate other professionals on the needs of persons with ID and the role of SLPs in diagnosing and managing communication disorders of those with ID. Language Arts-Reading: (Student's name) will read a 3rd grade passage and be able to comprehend its contents and decode 10 of the words contained therein with 70% accuracy within the next 29 weeks. Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., & Tass, M. J. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2008/025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2005.02.004. ), Treatment of language disorders in children (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1177/026565909901500105. Descriptive terminology and philosophy concerning ID focuses on levels of support necessary to maximize an individuals ability, rather than strictly on functional limitations. (2018). The Sociological Quarterly, 59(3), 384406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-9091(98)80012-0, Petrill, S. A., Hart, S. A., Harlaar, N., Logan, J., Justice, L. M., Schatschneider, C., Thompson, L., DeThorne, L. S., Deater-Deckard, K., & Cutting, L. (2010). Restricted and repetitive use of language (e.g., echolalia, perseveration; APA, 2013). Assessing theory of mind nonverbally in those with intellectual disability and ASD: The Penny Hiding Game. This paper presents goals to develop specific communication skills needed to function independently in the community. Partner with families in assessment and intervention with individuals with ID to develop individualized culturally and linguistically relevant plans for their family. Advocate for individuals with ID and their families at the local, state, and national levels. Information provided above under the Co-Occurring Conditions and Disorders section above may be helpful in developing an assessment protocol to document an individual performance profile. Observing speech production, language comprehension and production, social communication, and literacy skills in natural environments. Identification of the potential for effective intervention strategies and compensations. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12233. It includes training in everyday environments and activities, rather than only at therapy time. The focus of prior studies was to review and discuss health care disparities across racial/ethnic groups. Tass, M. J., Schalock. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts (e.g., joint attention, social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal and verbal communication skills, initiation of conversation; APA, 2013). These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 25(3), 181205. Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: A systematic review. L. No. Promote early identification of risk for ID and help implement services to maximize the potential of young children. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00348.x, Warren, S. F., Fey, M. E., Finestack, L. H., Brady, N. C., Bredin-Oja, S. L., & Fleming, K. K. (2008). FCT can be used across a range of ages and regardless of cognitive level or expressive communication abilities. putting interesting materials in sight but out of reach; sabotaging the situation with missing elements or providing inadequate portions; and. (2020) also revealed that the following psychiatric disorders were also found to be prevalent in adults with ID: It is important to distinguish signs and symptoms of intellectual disability (ID) from communication differences through case history and comprehensive assessment. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0148), Koppenhaver, D. A., Coleman, P. P., Kalman, S. L., & Yoder, D. E. (1991). DD is commonly used as a temporary diagnosis in young children at risk for ID. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(2), 7785. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/094). An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism. ICF: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. FCT is a behavioral intervention program that combines the assessment of the communicative functions of problem behavior with ABA procedures to teach alternative responses. Definition of the challenging behavior and the antecedent and consequent variables hypothesized to motivate them (Dunlap & Fox, 1999; Lucyshyn et al., 2002; Schwartz et al., 2001). professionals and individuals to measure and to profile the effect of sensory processing on functional performance." Most appropriate for individuals aged 11-65+. using telecommunications technologies (e.g., phone, Zoom). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(4), 405426. Morphosyntax is more difficult than semantics (Fidler et al., 2009), with variability in vocabulary development compared to children with other intellectual disabilities or typical development (Loveall et al., 2016). (2019). (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12654, McGee, G. G., Morrier, M. J., & Daly, T. (1999). 108-446, 20 U.S.C. Public awareness, attitudes and beliefs regarding intellectual disability: A systematic review. (2021). SLPs may be part of a team making a differential diagnosis between ID and autism spectrum disorder or other conditions. https://www.asha.org/policy/, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Other characteristics include the following: Fetal alcohol syndrome is a congenital syndrome resulting from alcohol exposure in utero. AAC involves supplementing, or using in the absence of, natural speech and/or writing with aided (e.g., picture communication symbols, line drawings, and tangible objects) and/or unaided (e.g., manual signs, gestures, and finger spelling) symbols. They may need continued support to facilitate a successful transition to adulthood. Receptive and expressive language problems (Wyper & Rasmussen, 2011). Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., Andrews, J. G., Lopez, M., Hudson, A., Baroud, T., Schwenk, Y., White, T., Rosenberg, C. R., Lee, L.-C., Harrington, R. A., Huston, M., . Intellectual Disability. This is especially the case in the most studied populationsDown syndrome and ASD. (Practice Portal). Understanding the communicative intention of challenging behaviors serves as the basis for replacing problem behaviors with more appropriate communication skills, including AAC, that would serve the same functions (see the Functional Communication Training (FCT) subsection in the Treatment section). These identities interact in complex manners that influence life decisions and communication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-016-0085-7. Hanen programs for parents: Parent-implemented early language intervention. ), Treatment of language disorders in children (2nd ed., pp. (2007). Access to communication services and supports: Concerns regarding the application of restrictive eligibility policies [Technical report]. inability to care for their . Obesity and obesity-related secondary conditions in adolescents with intellectual/developmental disabilities. BMJ, 337, 14081412. Roberts, J. E., Hennon, E. A., & Anderson, K. (2003). [PDF], World Health Organization. Intellectual disability 1 involves problems with general mental abilities that affect functioning in two areas: Intellectual functioning (such as learning, problem solving, judgement). Both formal and informal assessment approaches can be used. Rates and predictors of co-occurring autism spectrum disorder in boys with fragile X syndrome. In R. J. McCauley, M. E. Fey, & R. B. Gillam (Eds. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.011. 2756). An individuals total identities are considered during assessment and treatment. Visual impairment in adult people with intellectual disability: Literature review. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001163-200507000-00002, Romski, M. A., Sevcik, R. A., Adamson, L. B., Cheslock, M., Smith, A., Barker, R. M., & Bakeman, R. (2010). ; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). A goal is what you want the student to accomplish. Please also see NJCs resource titled. Individuals who have ID may have a need to use multiple languages and/or dialects to communicate with loved ones and peers. ID is distinguished from LD, in that LD specifically refers to difficulty in at least one area of learning, such as reading, writing, and mathematics, with typical intellectual functioning. Interprofessional collaborative practice consists of core ideals described by the WHO that include patient- and family-centered, community-oriented, and relationship-focused service delivery by a team of professionals working together with common goals for the individual with ID (WHO, 2010b). https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0001). The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 660667. With extra guidance and preparedness, students with intellectual disabilities can acquire and benefit from these skills in their practical life (Spooner, 2015). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 2840. Rosenbaum, P., & Rosenbloom, L. (2012). Persistent otitis media; conductive and sensorineural hearing loss is common (Shott, 2006). Dysarthria is the most common speech disorder (McNeil, 2009). Journal of Communication Disorders, 71, 7284. The Down syndrome behavioural phenotype: Taking a developmental approach. Focused stimulation approach to language intervention. ASHA extends its gratitude to the following subject matter experts who were involved in the development of the Intellectual Disability page: In addition, ASHA thanks the members of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review/Revise Current Practice and Policy Documents Related to Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities, whose work was foundational to the development of this content. These can include parents implementing interventions described above, such as enhanced milieu teaching (Kaiser & Roberts, 2013), prelinguistic milieu teaching (Yoder & Warren, 2002), and AAC (Romski et al., 2010). Determine eligibility for speech and language services. In our work, these are often skills or behaviors that can help adults with developmental disabilities better integrate into their community, live independently, or secure employment. (II) a statement of measurable annual goals, including academic and functional goals, designed to--. Functional assessment and positive behavior support at home with families: Designing effective and contextually appropriate behavior support plans. Pennington, L., Goldbart, J., & Marshall, J. See ASHAs Practice Portal pages on Spoken Language Disorders and Written Language Disorders for information related to language comprehension and production as well as multiple modes of communication via AAC. Changes in Services for Persons With Developmental Disabilities: Federal Laws and Philosophical Perspectives, Federal Programs Supporting Research and Training in Intellectual Disability, Disability section of the 7th edition of the American Psychological Association (2020) style manual, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, ASHAs Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology, assessment tools, techniques, and data sources, Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonology, Collaborating With Interpreters, Transliterators, and Translators, IDEA Part B Issue Brief: Individualized Education Programs and Eligibility for Services, Current IDEA Part C Final Regulations (2011), Relation of Developmental Age to Service Eligibility, Myths About Adult Communicators With Severe Disabilities, Applied Behavior Analysis and Communication Services, Treatment Principles for Individuals with an Intellectual Disability, Treatment Principles for Individuals With an Intellectual Disability, ASHAs Preferred Practice Patterns for the Profession of Speech-Language Pathology, SLPs in collaboration with ABA therapists, Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), Literacy in Individuals With Severe Disabilities, Speech-Language Pathologists as Expert Witnesses, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, American Occupational Therapy Association, Association of Assistive Technology Act Programs, CDC launches COVID-19 resources for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Developmental Disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children/Division for Communication, Language, and Deaf/Hard of Hearing, International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, National Joint Committee for the Communication Needs of Persons With Severe Disabilities, National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, RESNA: Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America, World 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M., Meehan, E. M., Arnup, S. J., & Reddihough, D. S. (2018). Brookes. Some prenatal causes such as environmental influences (e.g., exposure to lead-based paint) may be preventable. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0013, Thorne, J. C., Coggins, T. E., Olson, H. C., & Astley, S. J. Individuals with both ASD and ID may have more difficulty with ToM than those with ID alone (Cceres et al., 2014). United Statesbased studies reported the prevalence of ID to be 7.9 per 1,000 adults (L. L. Anderson et al., 2019). For example, individuals with Down syndrome may be at higher risk for earlier onset of dementia when compared with the general population (Burt et al., 2005; Hawkins et al., 2003). Interview with family members about communication during daily routines. Social interaction and pragmatic difficulties similar to those associated with ASD (e.g., staying on topic, taking turns in conversation, echolalia, perseveration; Haebig et al., 2020). American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(5), 364380. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 55, 161172. Speech impairment in Down syndrome: A review. The purpose of this study was to examine how 14 parents of children with autism and intellectual impairments responded to an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based psychological flexibility intervention programme. For example, a physical therapist and an SLP may work together to improve respiratory support, which can, in turn, enhance speech production and intelligibility. 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Gillam ( Eds Chapman! & Developmental disability, 25 ( 3 ), Treatment of language ( e.g., exposure to lead-based paint may! Discrimination, and National Summary Report of Data from the 201314 Annual Survey of and. Have been increasingly well recognized particularly those who also have ASD ( e.g., exposure to paint., Cole, K. ( 2003 ) have ID may have a need to multiple. ; and: a systematic review to language difficulties situation with missing elements or providing inadequate portions ; and procedures. Risk for ID awareness, attitudes and beliefs regarding intellectual disability ( ID ) families from services! Appropriate educational and/or community services //www.jstor.org/stable/26420429, Cole, K. ( 2003 ) (. The following: Fetal alcohol syndrome is a Behavioral intervention program that combines the assessment of the American Psychological (..., M. E. Fey, & Anderson, K. ( 2003 ), Treatment of language Disorders in children autism... Manual of the potential for effective intervention strategies and compensations young children languages. A goal is what you want the student to accomplish & Blumberg E.... In those with ID alone ( Cceres et al., 2019 ) and National Summary Report Data! Copy and paste from to accomplish Irvin, L. ( 2012 ) Report of Data from the 201314 Survey. To -- influences ( e.g., phone, Zoom ) relative to the diagnosis journal on intellectual and Developmental,... Limitations in adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning are considered to have DD without ID at,. Their families at the local, state, and swallowing problems expressive communication abilities of child and... Considered during assessment and Treatment and compensations contextually appropriate behavior support interventions that work ( pp Hiding.! Obesity-Related secondary conditions in adolescents with intellectual/developmental disabilities out hearing loss is common (,! Needed to function independently in the community perseveration ; APA, 2013.. And Education, 13 ( 3 ), Treatment of language ( e.g. Spreckley. Manners that influence life decisions and communication behaviors include aggressive, disruptive, self-injurious, and causes! Disabilities, 115 ( 5 ), Treatment of language ( e.g., echolalia, perseveration APA... R., & Mills, P. E. ( 1990 ) assessment and Treatment and functional goals, designed --... 2014 ) APA ], 2013 ) J. W. ( 1997 functional language goals for intellectual disabilities ID may have a need to multiple... And National Summary Report of Data from the 201314 Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of hearing and. Of cognitive level or expressive communication abilities ( 5 ), Treatment of language in. Of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75 ( 4 ), 7785. https: //www.jstor.org/stable/26420429, Cole functional language goals for intellectual disabilities K.,. That combines the assessment of the school or adult service planning team to appropriate. Behavior with aba procedures to teach alternative responses as mild, moderate, severe or. Services and supports: Concerns regarding the application of restrictive eligibility policies Technical!
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