figures that we see down the center of the nave, on one side male, on Below Saint Apollinare, set between the windows, are mosaics of four previous bishops of Ravenna: Ecclesius (ECLESIVS), who was bishop of Ravenna from 522 to 532 and founder of San Vitale; Severus (SCS SEVERVS), a revered bishop of Ravenna in the 340s; Ursus (SCS VRSVS), bishop ca. Another clue to this link between the Lords Transfiguration and His Second Coming is His other statement, eight days before the Transfiguration: Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God. Hence we find below the cross also the Latin words, Salus Mundi, the salvation of the world. Add to this the emerald green and you feel embraced by the garden. There He walks and talks with us. Magnificent Basilica. Here in our mosaic we see a garden made according to this same divine pattern of a perfect imperfection, with a dynamic and not mechanical symmetry. There, according to the Genesis account, God placed us humans and give us the task to cultivate it. And Bishop Apollinare was not present in the Transfiguration, so why does he figure so large in the depiction? the name was different. God created the world in six days, and rested on the seventh. And above the cross is the Greek word for fish, , the famous acrostic formed by the initials of five Greek words meaning Jesus Christ, Son of God, the Saviour.. How do we know that this mosaic depicts the Transfiguration? This collection _______ the best short stories I have ever read. He also wears also a simple crown to denote his regal status as king of Salem. This mosaic shows Jesus standing in a hilly landscape. This haloed saint stands in the midst of the garden, with his hands raised in prayer. Another clue to this link between the Lords Transfiguration and His Second Coming is His other statement, eight days before the Transfiguration: Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God. The most immediate meaning of these words is understood by most commentators to refer to Christs coming Transfiguration. In fact it replaces the mountain with a garden, a paradise. The highest trees are arranged in a row along the top, at a similar distance from each other but not precisely so, and each is a little different from the others. It is clear from the branch collars we see in the larger trees on the mosaic that they have been pruned. The upper tier. Mosaic. Apollinare stands in the midst of his park as a prince ruling under the King of kings, surrounded as it were by family, friends and members of the court. They each have halos around their heads. The mosaic was very colorful and had two Greek inscriptions that describe the ancient church fathers, who built the church for a martyr named "Theodoros." The mosaic was also covered in. mosaic representing Christ, this time as a child on his mother's lap, also surrounded by four angels. This is in fact an amalgamation of two mosaics from nearby San Vitale, and was probably made around 670, at the same time as the mosaic on the opposite wall, of Constantine IV (668-685). The three bands of mosaics correspond to those on the left wall . Luke tells us that they were speaking about Christs departure about to be fulfilled in Jerusalem. Eight is thus a symbol of the created world assumed into the divine life, in a union without confusion. - See 2,083 traveler reviews, 2,347 candid photos, and great deals for Ravenna, Italy, at Tripadvisor. Jesus is represented with a gold halo around his head, which became a major custom of the time, in all art. The shrubs, rocks and flowering plants are likewise arranged, with a perfect imperfection. This was a church that Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God.. I suppose its like you said, Aidan: the root of the problem is a superficial spiritual life. As we shall see, the mosaic unveils for us the cosmic significance of the Liturgy for which it is a setting. And what we see are 1 / 13 Mausoleum of Galla Placidia [2] English translation from the Roman Missal 2010, International Commission on English in the Liturgy Corporation. Santa Maria Maggiore. But before we get to that, let's talk about the church for a second. Lukes mention of eight days is a further affirmation of this interpretation. Sign up here to receive email notifications when new articles are published. The artists power over his or her medium is that of craft and wisdom (Minerva the Roman god of wisdom was pertinently also the good of crafts). On the right is Archbishop Reparatus (671-677), receiving from the Emperor the scroll with its promise of privileges. The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Italy. 21:23). A mountaintop is a place of ecstasy, from which we eventually have to descend. It was originally an Arian cathedral but became a Catholic church in 570. Its emerald green does not just reflect light; it emanates light. The Church can prophetically oppose a secular power that acts contrary to Gods commandments, but it can also accept material assistance from it if this genuinely aids the Churchs spiritual work and benefits peoples lives. I have the privilege of possessing a few of the original sixth century tesserae from this mosaic, given me by one of the restorers who worked on it in the 1970s. Our mosaic seems to be saying that the Transfiguration transports us humans back to paradise, our original home where we were intended to meet and commune with God. The phrase Son of Man coming in his Kingdom the phrase often used to describe Christs Second Coming at the end of the age. This reminds me of something that Saint Paissius of the Holy Mountain once said to me. Our God-given power within the world is, I think, best understood in an artistic sense rather than exploitative. Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Mosaics! This in part explains the special luminosity of our mosaic. And so we have this church as evidence of these two different beliefs In this article I would like to discuss some of these layers. In Christian art stars usually symbolize angels. Natural landscape. So we are now in a place to gather together all these connotations of the term paradise and relate them to our mosaic. God promised: I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you (Genesis 17:7). Either side of the crosss arms are the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, the first and last letters of the alphabet. Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. As St Irenaeus reminds us, the initial step for us all to come to knowledge of God is contemplation of nature. Christs transfiguration therefore indicates a return to this natural supernatural state of the human person. Mosaic of a Ravennate italian-byzantine workshop, completed within 526 AD by the so-called 'Master of Sant'Apollinare'. our published articles. Constantinople was Orthodox. Over the tunic of skin given by his parents as a result of their fall, Abel wears a priestly chasuble. So the garden around Apollinare is the outcome of love and craft, and of God and man working together in synergy. Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God.. It was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis ). Also depicted in the mosaic at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is a set of three sheep on each side of Christ, with him touching one on the nose. On the north wall of the apse, opposite the Melchezidek work, is a depiction of the Eastern Roman emperor Constantine IV (668-685) granting certain privileges - probably tax concessions - to Ravennas archbishops. In Genesis Adam and Eve try to hide from God in Eden. That will give you the perfect overview of Ravenna's history before you see the mosaics in situ. And St Iranaeus, Because of his boundless love, Jesus became what we are that he might make us to be what he is (Against Heresies, V). This reminds me of something that Saint Paissius of the Holy Mountain once said to me. Why then did He allow His light to shine in this particular instance, on Mount Tabor? How do we know that this mosaic depicts the Transfiguration? worship of the Church. It is set in divine time, in kairos, where past, present and future exist together in Christ. Our bishop Apollinare is a spiritual gardener as well as a priest. Is this precise number significant? The number eight arises again in this context, linking the Abrahamic covenant with the Transfiguration and Resurrection: God commands the Israelites to circumcise all their males eight days after their birth (17:12). RM 2K64CX4 - 19th century vintage photograph: The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Italy. Mosaic depiction of the Palace of Theodoric in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy, 561 CE. The mosaic aims to encompass not just the beginning but also the end, the fulfilment of Gods work of salvation in Christ. Including the triumphal arch, the mosaic measures about 14 metres/46 feet across and 15.5 metres/51 feet high. One sees such palms in many other Italian mosaics, such as at Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna (6 th c.), the ceiling mosaic of Arian Baptistery also in Ravenna (5 th c.), at Santa Prassede in Rome (9 th c.), and in the apse mosaic of Santa Cecilia also in Rome (9 th c.). Abel the shepherd stands to his right and offers a lamb, and Abraham to his left offers his son Isaac. I so enjoyed reading this article and found it not only educational but spiritually moving. In this mosaic, the angel are surrounding the bearded Jesus. Imagine a verdant garden. I thank the Opera Religion of the Diocese of Ravenna for its hospitality and availability. 3. Moses and Elijah are depicted plainly either side of the cross. Through the Spirit dwelling within them and transfiguring them He will be closer than if He were present only in the flesh as a human individual. Although its immediate purpose is to act as a sort of witness to a legal contract, reminding future emperors of the Ravenna bishops rights, it also fits very well into our priestly king theme. Purple cloth was an imperial monopoly in Byzantium and therefore represents royalty. Eternitys permanence will not be static but dynamic. published on 02 October 2014. Abraham is also priestly, ready even to offer his own son on the altar. In the centre is Christ in a medallion. The passage reads: O holy Father, They spoke about his departure, which he was about to bring to fulfilment at Jerusalem. Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Wonderful mosaics - See 2,042 traveler reviews, 2,209 candid photos, and great deals for Ravenna, Italy, at Tripadvisor. Whom do you seek? Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.. Light thereby literally comes from within the grass itself, and not merely reflected off its surface. - [Steven] In fact, this is one of only two churches in the world that retain its nave wall decorations. the scene for a moment. Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. As an aside, it is interesting to contrast this scene with that in Genesis. They are generally taken to indicate Christs Second Coming, for He will come like the sun rising. In this context it is worthwhile tracing the development of the word paradise, since its many associations accrued over time are present in our mosaic. Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Incredible mosaics and columns of which you should not miss detail - See 2,083 traveler reviews, 2,347 candid photos, and great deals for Ravenna, Italy, at Tripadvisor. Light thereby literally comes from within the mosaic itself, and is not merely reflected off its surface. - [Steven] Their outfits are spectacular. This Arian church was dedicated in 504 to Christ the Redeemer in Ravenna Italy on November 4 2012. In Christian art stars usually symbolize angels. In this case, He has become the Gardener in Eden. The other one is in Rome, After he had communed with God and received the tablets of the law on Sinai, Moses had to leave the summit and descend back to the encamped Israelites. Early Christian, 493-504; established by Theodoric when he was king of Italy; palace church; relics of St. Apollinarus brought here in 9th cent. The Septuagint translates the Hebrew term gan or garden (Genesis 2:8 and Ezekiel 28:13) with the Greek word paradeisos. Excellent and informative, thank you very much. The effect of seeing exactly the same iconography again and again, no matter how profound its original conception might be, can be to put us to sleep spiritually rather than open our noetic eyes. Her history is extremely interesting. Some of these themes were without doubt intended by the designer of the mosaic. And there is something about this mosaic that gives a sense of completion, wholeness, permanence. Date palms, symbols of paradise, fruitfulness and victory. In Genesis 17:1 we read that this was Abrahams age when God appeared to him and gave His covenant to make him the father of many nations. Accompanying it was silver, a novelty among the mosaics of Italy. This tier capitulates all that happens below. Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, built c. 500, renovated 560s, Ravenna, Italyspeakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker Our articles inspire Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, built c. 500, renovated 560s, Ravenna, Italy. - [Steven] The goths were Arian and the emperor in The mosaics in the apse have been replaced, but the ones along the walls are still intact and beautifully maintained. As we have discussed, our mosaic concentrates on the purpose of events in Christs life, and not just the events themselves. We will never know for certain because the designer did not write his or her explanation. But when God made the starry lights for the night He varied their size, spacing and colour, and this soothes the soul. The ultimate purpose of Christs incarnation is our deification, our union with Him. And yet it also possesses dynamism, movement and life. These and other anomalies immediately invite us on a journey to try and discover their meaning. Bishop Apollinare is celebrating the liturgy. Mountains are where people meet God. There, according to the Genesis account, God placed us humans and give us the task to cultivate it. This hymn was composed perhaps as early as the fifth century, and certainly no later than the seventh, so it may well have been known by the person who designed the mosaic and therefore support this interpretation of the bees on Apollinares chasuble. All is culminated in the material wax becoming immaterial fire in praise of God. But our mosaic gives no indication of such a mountain. These delighted my senses, but at the same time inflamed my curiosity to find their source and enter this garden. There's tremendous detail in Romans used to dine. More specifically, the apse depicts not just the historical event of Christs Transfiguration, but also the present Eucharist and the Kingdom that is to come. God created the world in six days, and rested on the seventh. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 6th century. The mosaic is a profound theological discourse. The mosaics are quite exceptional, and can be seen along the entire length of both sides of the nave above the arches. Byzantine medieval way of representing in a symbolic way, but in a way that's legible and clear, so that anyone here would have known and been able to identify the story. As kings as well as priests, we are called not just to give thanks for all creation, but also to work within it to transform it like bees. On the West side of the church we see the palace of Theodoric and this is the palace Its emerald green does not just reflect light; it emanates light. But bees also represent communal transformative labour, since the work of the hive changes nectar into honey. I wish we would see some more of this kind of creative and deep interpretation in church iconography today. I have the privilege of possessing a few of the original sixth century tesserae from this mosaic, given me by one of the restorers who worked on it in the 1970s. One sees such palms in many other Italian mosaics, such as at SantApollinare Nuovo in Ravenna (6th c.), the ceiling mosaic of Arian Baptistery also in Ravenna (5th c.), at Santa Prassede in Rome (9th c.), and in the apse mosaic of Santa Cecilia also in Rome (9th c.). a long line of male martyrs parallel the female This hymn was composed perhaps as early as the fifth century, and certainly no later than the seventh, so it may well have been known by the person who designed the mosaic and therefore supports this interpretation of the bees on Apollinares chasuble. He stands behind an altar with two loaves and a chalice. Likewise, Christ returned to the world with His three disciples after His Transfiguration. Peter and his companions were very sleepy, but when they became fully awake, they saw his glory and the two men standing with him. Our mosaic seems to be saying that the Transfiguration transports us humans back to paradise, our original home where we were intended to meet and commune with God. Two men, Moses and Elijah, appeared in glorious splendour, talking with Jesus. Either side of the crosss arms are the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, the first and last letters of the alphabet. The tympanum faade, made of brick, is framed by two pilasters and a mullioned window, surmounted by two small windows. . century and in part from the second half of the 6th century, allows us to follow the. Omissions? Apse 6th century, triumphal arch 7th -12th century. The wise artist or craftsperson uses their power over the medium with love and discernment, to raise the raw material into something even more beautiful. Picture Information. Unlike perhaps the most This theme of beginning and end is further alluded to by the depiction (executed in the 7th century) of Jerusalem and Bethlehem atop the triumphal arch. Church and her theology of artistic beauty. While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and covered them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud. Apse 6th century, triumphal arch 7th -12th century. Like the empire it served, it was a direct continuation from its Imperial Roman predecessor, but played a far greater role in the defence and survival of the state than its earlier iteration. Unlike perhaps the most famous church in Ravenne, San Vitale, which is a central plan, Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a Basilica plan. Perhaps that could make a good article for the OAJ ?. Six sheep come out of each gate towards Christ who is depicted in the centre. So some art historians conjecture that what was here that had to be replaced specifically had to do with Arianism, which was now heretical, or perhaps with Theodoric and his family. Absolutely! We're not sure who they are. Justin, that the Eastern Orthodox Church could learn a lot from the creative approach of the early Western Church when it comes to expressing timeless theological truths in its church schema. This is graphically affirmed by two passages in the ancient hymn Exsultet, sung in the Western Church by a deacon in front of the Paschal candle. So these stars are effectively the cloud of heavenly hosts who will accompany Christ at His Parousia. One reason is suggested by an Orthodox liturgical text: He wanted not only to display His divinity, but also to show us what it is to be fully human: I am he who is,, was transfigured today upon Mount Tabor before the disciples; and in His own person He showed them the nature of man, arrayed in the original beauty of the Image. For this reason the Son also appeared in the fullness of time to show how the copy resembles Him.[1]. We respect your privacy. Above him is a great golden cross set within in an orb of star speckled blue. This haloed saint stands in the midst of the garden, with his hands raised in prayer. But here His voice is suggested by the presence of a hand reaching down from the golden heavens. This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer". He is accompanied by another bishop (perhaps his predecessor Maurus (642-671), plus a priest in a yellow chasuble and two deacons. This emphasizes the priestly significance of his offering. As St Irenaeus (died c. 202 AD) tells us, The Church has been planted as a paradise in this world. Here in our mosaic we see a garden made according to this same divine pattern of a perfect imperfection, and not a sterile symmetry. And there are still more laid out on the triumphal arch and in the curved apsidal wall below. Ravenna was their capital. The other one is in Rome, Santa Maria Maggiore. Over the tunic of skin given his parents as a result of their fall, Abel wears a priestly chasuble. Please check your email for further instructions. On the left side are the secular authorities: the emperor and his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius, with a fourth figure holding a ciborium. We were made in the image of God, but had the task to grow in His likeness through love for and obedience to Him. Mosaics in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna (6th century) The sumptuous mosaics that cover the walls of the nave in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo reflect the dominant role that mosaics had assumed in the churches of the Christian East. Mosaics of Italy with the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, the fulfilment of work! Brick, is framed by two small windows s talk about the church a... Ravenna Italy on November 4 2012 what change was introduced in the mosaics of sant'apollinare nuovo? fact, this time as result... His regal status as king of Salem to show how the copy resembles Him. [ 1 ] rocks! 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