Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. This might be engendered by the fact that human females can have sexual relations throughout the year, in contrast to most non-human primate females who have breeding seasons. Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. It is likely that originally exogamy evolved as a way to reduce competition among members of the same social group for mates and ensured that individuals had a larger pool of potential mates to choose from. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. Polyandry has two variations: formal and informal. Two or more women are married to one man at the same time. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. 2004. [citation needed], Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Population admixture, biological invasions and the balance between local adaptation and inbreeding depression", "The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exogamy&oldid=1141878744, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11. However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. Second, other sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating rotation of partners. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. Advantages and Disadvantages of Exogamy Marriages, Indian Rajya Sabha The Council of States, Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha | House of People, What is Economics | Basic Economics Concepts, What is Ethics | Relationship between Jurisprudence. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. The argument is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence, men may benefit economically from having more than one wife. A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). Higher divorce rates are predicted by. 1981. During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her son. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. They should also show appreciation and kindness towards each other. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). Put simply, its the practice of marrying outside of ones social group. In fact, in many parts of the world, there are strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. 2005. criminality Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. Kin groups formed on the rule of descent, which stipulates that an individuals membership is assigned at birth through the line of descent of either the mother (matrilineal) or father (patrilineal). The authors postulate that, in the absence of a social network system to support people when they grow old, having children is vital for parents future survival. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. 4) Stress of marriage. Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). He tells us, When I asked more specifically whether the children of first cousins were allowed to marry, people gave me a decided no and added in an indignant tone: Do not ask further; blood relatives may not be united! (Gusinde 1931, 48889). The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. Among the societies with more elaborate ceremonies are the Hopi, of the U.S. Southwest, who practice a wedding ceremony that lasts four days. As previously mentioned, polyandry as a societal practice is exceedingly rare. Why? Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. Mate selection takes various forms but generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives. Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). Pathogen stress is the only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in state societies. Why? Starkweather, Katherine E., and Raymond Hames. Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). One important predictor is whether or not women engage in craft specialization or work outside the householdwhen they do so, there is a lower likelihood of arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. Decrease in hereditary diseases and birth defects due to a highly diverse gene pool. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. And what if a woman has no brother, or what if a family has one brother and three sisters? Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. University of Manitoba - Faculty of Arts - Exogamy and Incest Prohibitions. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. Ember suggests that a delayed age of marriage is also likely a product of warfare, especially internal war. They make the further assumption that agriculturalists and fishing people have more stable food supplies. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). Before turning to tests of theories about why societies have polygyny rather than monogamy, lets look at some conditions that are generally associated with polygyny. What predicts variation in family household form? Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. According to Folsom, endogamous is the rule that one must marry within ones caste or group". Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. Marriage laws and customs vary widely across cultures and can dictat If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. While first cousin marriage may have higher risk of offspring carrying harmful double recessive genes, severe population loss makes it more difficult to find eligible mates in societies that are already relatively small. 2004. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. Relatively small societies that have recently experienced severe loss of population due to introduced disease and that are also relatively small (more than 1,000 but less than 25,000 in the society) are more likely to allow first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). J. F. McLennan[8] holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. Exogamy is a widely practiced marriage custom whereby individuals marry outside of their social group. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. Why? 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